ATERRAMENTO RESIDENCIAL: fundamentos e dimensionamento de sistemas de aterramento

Abstract

This study analyzes the technical and safety impacts resulting from the absence or inadequacy of grounding systems in residential electrical installations. The high incidence of fatal accidents related to failures in these systems justifies the research, considering the importance of grounding in protecting people and equipment. The adopted methodology consists of a bibliographic and documentary review, with a descriptive and explanatory approach, based on the ABNT NBR 5410 standards and both national and international technical publications. The study also takes into account statistical data from ABRACOPEL, reports from ELAT/INPE, and research on the physicochemical properties of soil that influence the electrical resistance of grounding systems. The analysis shows that the absence of a functional grounding system compromises the operation of protection devices such as the residual current device (RCD) and the surge protection device (SPD), increasing the risks of electric shocks, fires, and damage to sensitive equipment. It is also verified that the effectiveness of grounding depends on factors such as soil moisture, granulometry, and conductivity, reinforcing the need for proper technical design and periodic maintenance. The conclusion indicates that grounding, when implemented according to regulatory standards and supported by technical knowledge, constitutes a necessary measure for electrical safety in residential installations. The study recommends the adoption of educational, regulatory, and professional actions to ensure compliance with current standards and reduce the incidence of electrical accidents in residential environments.