Lesões brancas: onde estão e como identificá-las?

Abstract

The dentist must be able to identify and treat oral pathologies or refer patients to specialists, considering that all dental professionals, including general practitioners and dental hygiene technicians, need to have knowledge about the pathogenesis, clinical aspects, treatment, and prognosis of oral diseases. Diagnosis is a process that involves evaluating the patient’s medical history, clinical characteristics, and complementary examinations. White lesions in the oral cavity, such as leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and pseudomembranous candidiasis, are common and require special attention. Leukoplakia, for example, is a potentially malignant lesion often associated with tobacco and alcohol, while oral lichen planus is more prevalent in middle-aged women and may be treated with corticosteroids. The research included 29 articles from 2009 to 2024, seeking information on leukoplakia, oral diagnosis, and oral pathology. Correct diagnosis of white lesions is crucial to avoid inappropriate treatments. Additionally, the reviewed literature also addresses other conditions such as drug-induced and contact lichenoid reactions, linea alba, and candidiasis, emphasizing the importance of clinical examination and the use of technologies in the diagnostic process. The study highlights the need for comprehensive knowledge not only of the lesions but also of the etiological factors and diagnostic techniques to ensure the best approach to oral pathologies, contributing to the patient’s oral health.